Software Engineering 2022 REP/REG (Solved Question Paper)

SE 2022 REP/REG (NEP) Questions with Answers

Section - A

Answer the following TEN questions. (10x2=20)

a) Define Software Engineering.

Software Engineering is the process of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software. It is a systematic and disciplined approach to software development that aims to create high-quality, reliable, and maintainable software.

Software engineering includes a variety of techniques, tools, and methodologies, including requirements analysis, design, testing, and maintenance.

b) Name any four generic process activities.

Specification
Development
Validation
Evolution

c) What is Data Dictionary?

A data dictionary is a central repository of metadata, or information about data, within a system. It provides detailed descriptions of all data elements and their attributes, promoting consistency, standardization, and understanding across the development team.

d) What is the System Model?

System modelling is the process of developing abstract models of a system. Each model presents a different view or perspective of that system. Represent the system using some kind of graphical notation (Mostlybased on UML).

e) What is Software Architecture?

Software architecture is the high-level structure of a software system. It defines the system’s components, their relationships, and the rules that govern their interactions. It’s like the blueprint of a building, outlining the overall design and organization of the system without getting bogged down in the specifics of individual components.

A software architecture is a description of the subsystems and components of a software system and the relationships between them.

f) What is a component and what role it plays in design?

A component is a self-contained unit of functionality that encapsulates a set of related functions or data. It is a fundamental building block of a software system, much like a brick in a wall or a Lego brick in a larger structure.

Role Plays:

Promoting modularity: Breaking down a large system into smaller, independent components makes it easier to understand, develop, test, and maintain.
Enhancing reusability: Well-designed components can be reused in different parts of the same system or even across different systems, saving development time and effort.
Improving maintainability: When a component needs to be updated or modified, it can be done independently without affecting other parts of the system.
Facilitating scalability: Components can be easily added or removed to scale the system up or down to meet changing requirements.

g) Define defect removal efficiency (DRE):

Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE) is a software quality metric that measures the effectiveness of a testing process in identifying and eliminating defects or bugs from software before it is released. It is typically expressed as a percentage and calculated using the following formula:

DRE = (Number of defects found internally / Total number of defects found) x 100

h) What is Unit Testing?

Unit testing is a software testing method that focuses on verifying the smallest individual units of code, typically functions or methods, in isolation from the rest of the codebase. It aims to ensure that each unit of code works correctly as intended and produces the expected results for a given set of inputs.

i) Define Software Quality.

Software quality is a multifaceted concept that encompasses a variety of attributes and characteristics that contribute to the effectiveness and satisfaction of a software product. It’s not just about functionality, but also about how well the software meets user needs, how reliable it is, how easy it is to use and maintain, and its overall performance.

Software quality is an important part of development because it shows how good and reliable a product is. It checks how well requirements are met, which affects how happy users are, how well the system works, and how successful the project is. To get high quality, you have to follow standards that cover more than just functionality carefully.

j) State the two characteristics that risk always involves.

1. Uncertainty: The risk may or may not happen. Its occurrence is unpredictable and not guaranteed. There is no such thing as a 100% probable risk.

2. Loss: If the risk materializes, it will lead to undesirable consequences or losses for the project, product, or organization. These losses can be tangible (e.g., financial losses, schedule delays) or intangible (e.g., reputational damage, customer dissatisfaction).

Section - B

Solve any FOUR questions of the following. (4x5=20)

2. Draw a neat diagram and explain the layered technology of Software Engineering.

Software engineering is often described as a “layered technology,” meaning it’s built upon different levels of abstraction. This layered architecture provides several benefits, including:

Modularity: Each layer can be developed and tested independently, making the overall project more manageable.
Reusability: Components from one layer can be reused in other layers or even other projects.
Flexibility: The system can be easily adapted to changing requirements by modifying individual layers without affecting the entire system.

The typical layers in software engineering:

1. Hardware Layer: This is the foundation of the system and consists of the physical components, such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices. It provides the basic computing power and resources needed to run the software.

2. Operating System Layer: The operating system acts as a bridge between the hardware and the software. It manages the hardware resources, provides services to applications, and creates an environment where software can run efficiently.

3. Programming Languages Layer: This layer consists of various programming languages used to develop software applications. Each language has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of language depends on the specific needs of the project.

4. Application Programming Interface (API) Layer: APIs provide a standardized way for software components to communicate with each other. They hide the implementation details of the underlying system, allowing developers to focus on building their applications without worrying about the low-level details.

5. Middleware Layer: This layer sits between the application and the operating system and provides additional services such as messaging, security, and transaction management.

6. Application Layer: This is the topmost layer and consists of the actual software applications that users interact with. It includes everything from web browsers and desktop applications to mobile apps and cloud-based services.

7. User Interface Layer: This layer is responsible for the presentation and interaction of the application with the user. It includes the user interface components such as buttons, menus, and forms.

8. Business Logic Layer: This layer defines the core functionality of the application and contains the business rules that govern the application’s behavior.

9. Data Access Layer: This layer manages the interaction with the data storage system, such as a database or a file system. It provides a consistent and reliable way for applications to access and manipulate data.

10. Network and Communication Layer: This layer handles communication between different parts of the application, whether running on the same machine or across a network.

3. Draw a neat diagram and explain briefly the requirement engineering process.

The requirement engineering process is a series of steps that are followed to identify, analyze, document, and manage the requirements for a system. It is a critical process in software engineering, as it ensures that the system is developed to meet the needs of its users.

1. Business Requirements:

Business requirements specify the software’s business demand. The business requirement identifies why the software is required, who will be the end-users of the software, how the software will benefit its end users.

The business requirement does specify the technicality of the software i.e. how it should be implemented it focuses only on what software must do for them.

2. Users Requirements:

The user requirements specify the need and expectations of the end-users of the software. Although the user’s requirement is sometimes incorporated with the business requirements. But sometimes requirements of software with more complex functionality or more complex user interface must be documented separately.

3. Software Requirements:

The software requirements specify what the software must do and it define how the software is expected to perform. Type of software requirement are as follow:

Functional: The functional requirements describe what the software must deliver and what it must not. How the software must respond to incorrect inputs. Thus, the functional requirement describes the behaviour of the software.
Non-Functional: The non-functional requirements describe the non-behavioural aspects of the system such as its scalability, reliability, performance, security, its portability, reusability and flexibility.
Domain Requirements: The domain requirement describes the realm, area, group for which the software is to be developed. Such as for college, office, military, hospital, students, teachers, patients etc.

Requirement Engineering Process

The requirement engineering process involver certain steps that must be followed to collect the entire specifications about the project.

1. Inception

In the inception phase we how the concept of the software has evolved. Does there was any catalyst event that triggered the need for the software or its need has evolved over time? Although there is no precise answer to this question the conversation starts with these basic questions.

In the inception phase, the business requirements are identified where first the business need is identified, the scope of the software in the market is analysed, a rough feasibility analysis is done and the functioning of the software is discussed. Though all these requirements are subject to change they are enough to start a conversation between business analysts or customers or stakeholders and the software developers.

2. Requirement Elicitation

If the inception report is positive to undertake the project the next step is to gather the requirement from the clients. This phase is the requirement elicitation phase where the system analyst or the software developers communicate with the clients or the end-users of the system to elicit more information.

There are many things that the software analyst come across while eliciting the requirements such as:

The problem statement defined by the client or the end-user may have ill-defined boundaries or the technical details provided by them might confuse the analyst or the developer regarding the objective of the software to be developed.
Even the clients or the end-user of the software are not sure about what they want. They are unaware of the potential of their computing environment and even find it difficult to convey the problem statement to the software engineer.
In some cases, the client or end-user misses the most important information to convey to the software engineer or provide ambiguous requirements.
Sometimes the requirements of the clients or users change with time which raises confusion among the software developers.

3. Requirement Specification

In terms of the software, the requirement specification can be a written document, a mathematical model, graphical models, some usage scenarios, some sort of sample model, some sort of code etc.

4. Negotiating Requirements

Now each client associated with the same project might have different versions of requirements and they think that their aspect is more useful to develop software. Observing the conflicting requirements, the software engineer has to reconcile and negotiate the facts with the clients and end-users.

Negotiation is an iterative process where each client is asked to rank the requirement in terms of priority. Parallelly the software engineer also assesses the cost associated with the project, risk factors.

While addressing the conflicting requirements they may eliminate, add, combine or modify the conflicting requirements so that each client sense some sort of satisfaction that their requirements are essential for the development of the software.

5. Requirement Validation

Whatever is gathered, understood during the process of the requirement of engineering must be validated to ensure that all the software requirements are specified. The software developer or engineer must also ensure that the requirements are unambiguous, correct, consistent, essential.

The requirement validation phase requires the presence of all like software developers, clients, end-users and stakeholders. The specified requirements are checked thoroughly for any missing, redundant, inconsistent information.

6. Requirement Management

Requirements of any software keep on changing and the business and technical change throughout the life of the software. Requirement management is subject to keep track of the requirements and the changes that occur during the development of the software.

So, these are the steps or tasks that must be performed in the requirement engineering process. The efficient requirement engineering promises that developed software satisfies each requirement specified and up to the standards.

4. State all the design concept w.r.t. Software engineering and explain any two of them.

1. Abstraction:

Hiding implementation details and focusing on essential functionality.
Examples: Interfaces, abstract classes, data structures.

2. Modularity:

Breaking down the system into smaller, independent modules.
Promotes maintainability, reusability, and testability.
Examples: Components, objects, functions.

3. Separation of Concerns:

Dividing the system into distinct functional areas.
Improves understandability, maintainability, and testability.
Examples: UI layer, business logic layer, data access layer.

4. Data Hiding:

Encapsulating data within objects and controlling access to it.
Protects data integrity and promotes modularity.
Examples: Encapsulation, access modifiers in object-oriented programming.

5. Functional Independence:

Avoiding tight dependencies between modules.
Makes modules more reusable and less prone to cascading failures.
Examples: Loose coupling, dependency injection.

6. Cohesion:

Grouping related functionalities within a module.
Enhances modularity and understandability.
Examples: Functional cohesion, information hiding.

7. Coupling:

The degree of interdependence between modules.
Lower coupling is generally desirable for maintainability and reusability.
Examples: Data coupling, control coupling, stamp coupling.

8. Refactoring:

Improving the design of existing code without changing its functionality.
Helps maintain code quality and reduce technical debt.
Examples: Removing code duplication, renaming variables, restructuring code.

9. Design Patterns:

Reusable solutions to common design problems.
Provide proven approaches for building robust and maintainable software.
Examples: Singleton, observer, factory method.

10. Clean Code:

Writing code that is easy to read, understand, and maintain.
Follows principles like meaningful names, proper indentation, and consistent formatting.
Improves developer productivity and reduces long-term maintenance costs.

Explanation of Two Design Concepts:

1. Abstraction:

Abstraction allows us to focus on the essential functionality of a system without getting bogged down in the details of its implementation. This is achieved by hiding the internal workings of a module and presenting a simplified interface to the outside world.

For example, consider an interface for a data access layer. This interface might define methods for retrieving and storing data, but it would not need to expose details of the underlying database or storage mechanism. This abstraction allows developers to use the data access layer without having to understand the implementation details, which makes the system more modular, maintainable, and reusable.

2. Separation of Concerns:

Separation of concerns is a principle that states that a system should be divided into distinct functional areas. This helps to ensure that each area is focused on a specific responsibility and does not become overloaded with unrelated functionality.

For example, a web application might be divided into a UI layer, a business logic layer, and a data access layer. The UI layer would be responsible for handling user interactions and displaying information, the business logic layer would be responsible for implementing the core functionality of the application, and the data access layer would be responsible for interacting with the data storage system. This separation of concerns makes the application easier to understand, maintain, and test.

Section - C

Solve any FOUR full questions of the following. (4x10=40)

7. Discuss in detail the different categories of Software.

1. System Software:

Function: System software provides the basic foundation for running other software applications. It manages hardware resources, provides low-level services, and helps applications interact with the underlying hardware.
Examples: Operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux), device drivers, file systems, compilers, assemblers, linkers, loaders, debuggers.

2. Application Software:

Function: Application software provides specific functionality to users for performing various tasks. It can be further categorized into different types based on its purpose.
Examples: Web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari), word processors (Microsoft Word, Google Docs), spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets), presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides), media players (VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player), image editors (Adobe Photoshop, GIMP), games, educational software, business applications, etc.

3. Programming Software:

Function: Programming software provides tools and environments for developers to create and manage code.
Examples: Integrated development environments (IDEs) (Visual Studio, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA), text editors (Sublime Text, Atom, Notepad++), version control systems (Git, SVN), debuggers, code analyzers, test frameworks, etc.

4. Middleware Software:

Function: Middleware software acts as a bridge between applications and system software, providing services such as communication, data exchange, and security.
Examples: Web application servers (Apache Tomcat, JBoss), message brokers (Apache ActiveMQ, RabbitMQ), database management systems (MySQL, Oracle Database, PostgreSQL), application servers, transaction managers, etc.

5. Driver Software:

Function: Driver software allows specific hardware devices to communicate with the operating system and other applications.
Examples: Device drivers for printers, scanners, network cards, graphics cards, sound cards, etc.

6. Utility Software:

Function: Utility software provides general-purpose tools for performing routine tasks such as file management, system maintenance, and data compression.
Examples: File compression utilities (WinZip, WinRAR), disk utilities (Disk Defragmenter, CHKDSK), backup utilities, antivirus software, anti-malware software, system monitoring tools, etc.

7. Education and Training Software:

Function: Education and training software provides interactive learning materials and simulations to help users acquire new knowledge and skills.
Examples: Language learning software (Duolingo, Rosetta Stone), e-learning platforms (Blackboard, Moodle), flight simulators, medical simulation software, etc.

8. Entertainment Software:

Function: Entertainment software provides interactive games and other forms of entertainment for users.
Examples: Video games, music players, video streaming services, social media platforms, etc.

9. Business Software:

Function: Business software provides tools and applications for managing business processes, finances, operations, and customer relationships.
Examples: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, accounting software, project management software, communication and collaboration tools, etc.

10. Web Software:

Function: Web software provides functionality and content for websites and web applications.
Examples: Web servers (Apache, Nginx), web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari), web frameworks (Django, Ruby on Rails), web development tools, content management systems (WordPress, Drupal), etc.

8. What is formal technical review (FTR)? Identify it’s any four objectives. Explain briefly any five guidelines of FTR.

Formal Technical Review (FTR) is a structured process for systematically evaluating software products, typically involving a team of experts who examine and critique the product against established criteria and standards. It is a vital quality assurance practice in software development, aiming to identify and address potential issues before they lead to costly errors or defects.

Objectives of FTR:

Identify defects and errors: The primary objective of FTR is to find and address bugs, inconsistencies, and other flaws in the software product. This helps improve quality and prevent problems from reaching users.
Verify adherence to standards: FTR ensures that the software product complies with relevant technical standards and best practices. This promotes consistency, maintainability, and interoperability.
Improve design and implementation: Reviews provide valuable feedback on the design and implementation of the software, suggesting potential improvements and alternative solutions. This leads to a more robust and efficient product.
Promote knowledge sharing: FTR facilitates knowledge transfer between team members, helping junior developers learn from experienced reviewers and gain insights into best practices.

Guidelines for FTR:

1. Preparation: Clearly define the scope of the review, prepare documents and materials, and select qualified reviewers with relevant expertise.
2. Conducting the review: Follow a structured process with designated roles, ensure focused discussions on specific aspects of the product, and encourage constructive criticism.
3. Recording issues: Document all identified defects, inconsistencies, and areas for improvement with detailed descriptions and clear action items.
4. Action and tracking: Assign responsibility for addressing the identified issues, track progress on corrective actions, and ensure resolution before proceeding to the next stage of development.
5. Metrics and improvement: Collect data and feedback from reviews to measure effectiveness and identify areas for improvement in the FTR process itself.

9. Draw a neat diagram & briefly explain

a) Waterfall Model.

The Waterfall Model is a sequential software development process that follows a linear, step-by-step approach. It is one of the most widely used models, particularly for large and complex projects.

The key phases of the Waterfall Model:

1. Requirements Analysis and Specification:

This phase involves identifying, analyzing, and documenting user needs and requirements. It defines the scope, functionality, and performance expectations of the software product.

2. Design:

This phase focuses on creating a detailed blueprint for the software architecture, data models, interfaces, and algorithms. It translates the requirements into a technical specification for development.

3. Implementation:

This phase involves coding and building the software based on the design specifications. Developers write code, unit test individual modules, and integrate them into a complete system.

4. Verification and Validation:

This phase focuses on testing the software to ensure it meets the defined requirements and performs as expected. It includes functional testing, non-functional testing, and system testing.

5. Deployment and Maintenance:

This phase involves releasing the software to users, providing ongoing support, and fixing any bugs or issues that may arise. It also includes monitoring performance, responding to user feedback, and implementing updates or enhancements.

Advantages:

Structured and predictable: The linear approach provides a clear roadmap for development, making it easy to manage and track progress.
Easy to understand: The clear division of phases makes it easy for stakeholders to understand the development process and their roles.
Facilitates documentation: Each phase produces deliverables that document the process and decisions made, providing valuable information for future maintenance.

Disadvantages:

Inflexible: The rigid structure can be difficult to adapt to changing requirements, making it less suitable for agile projects with frequent updates.
High risk of late-stage errors: Errors identified late in the process can be costly and time-consuming to fix, as they may require changes to earlier phases.
Limited user feedback: Users are not involved until late stages of development, potentially leading to a product that does not meet their needs

b) Spiral Model.

The Spiral Model is a risk-driven, iterative software development process that combines the elements of the Waterfall Model with a prototypical approach. It is designed to address the limitations of the Waterfall Model by providing a more flexible and adaptable framework for managing changing requirements and risks.

The key phases of the Spiral Model:

1. Planning:

Define the project objectives, identify stakeholders, and assess project risks.
Establish a baseline plan with estimated costs, schedule, and deliverables.

2. Risk Assessment:

Identify potential project risks and their impact on the project goals.
Develop risk mitigation strategies and contingency plans.

3. Engineering:

Develop a prototype or build a small portion of the functionality.
Evaluate the prototype for feedback and identify potential problems.
Refine the requirements and design based on feedback.

4. Evaluation:

Assess the progress of the project and the quality of the delivered product.
Review the risks and adjust the plan as needed.

5. Deployment:

Release the product to users and provide ongoing support.
Monitor performance and gather feedback for future iterations.

Advantages:

Risk-driven: The focus on risk management helps identify and address potential problems early in the development process.
Adaptive: The iterative approach allows for changes and adjustments to be made as the project progresses.
Early feedback: Users can provide feedback early in the development process, leading to a product that better meets their needs.

Disadvantages:

Complex to manage: The iterative nature of the model requires more complex planning and management than a linear model.
Difficult to predict costs and schedule: The iterative nature can make it difficult to accurately predict project costs and schedule.
Requires skilled personnel: Implementing the Spiral Model effectively requires experienced personnel who can effectively manage risk and make informed decisions.

10. (a & b)

a) Explain in brief the three golden rules w.r-t. user interface design.

While there are numerous principles and best practices involved in designing effective user interfaces, three key rules stand out as fundamental and universally applicable:

1. Simplicity:

Focus on clarity and usability: prioritize the user’s needs and goals. Design interfaces that are intuitive and straightforward, eliminating unnecessary complexity and clutter.
Minimize cognitive overload: avoid overwhelming users with information or excessive choices. Present information in a clear, concise, and organized manner.
Use familiar elements and patterns: leverage established design conventions and user expectations to create a sense of familiarity and ease of use.

2. Visibility:

Make essential elements readily apparent: ensure that critical information and controls are easily seen and understood.
Provide clear affordances: design elements should clearly communicate their function and how they can be interacted with.
Use appropriate visual cues: leverage color, contrast, and other visual design elements to draw attention to important information and guide user actions.

3. Feedback:

Communicate the results of user actions: provide immediate and clear feedback to users, confirming that their actions have been recognized and processed.
Use clear and consistent language: all feedback messages should be understandable, free from jargon, and consistent across the interface.

b) Discuss in brief designing conventional components.

Designing conventional components in software engineering refers to the process of creating well-defined and reusable modules that adhere to established principles of modularity, maintainability, and efficiency. These components are the building blocks of larger systems and play a crucial role in software architecture and design.

Key principles involved in designing conventional components:

1. Modularity:

Components should be independent and self-contained, with clearly defined interfaces and minimal dependencies on other components. This facilitates reuse, reduces coupling, and simplifies maintenance.
Components should encapsulate specific functionalities and avoid performing multiple unrelated tasks. This promotes focus and improves code organization.

2. Maintainability:

Components should be designed with clarity and readability in mind. Use descriptive names, meaningful variable names, and clear comments to enhance understanding and facilitate future modifications.
Components should be well-documented with specifications, API descriptions, and usage examples to guide developers and ensure consistent usage.

3. Efficiency:

Components should be optimized for performance and resource utilization. This involves efficient algorithms, data structures, and memory management techniques.
Components should be designed to scale and handle anticipated workloads without performance degradation.

4. Loose Coupling:

Components should minimize their dependencies on other components, reducing the impact of changes and improving overall system flexibility.
Utilize interfaces to define communication protocols and decouple implementation details, allowing for different implementations to be plugged in.

5. Reusability:

Components should be designed with potential reuse in mind. This involves creating generalizable functionalities and avoiding overly specific implementations.
Components should be well-documented and organized to facilitate their discovery and integration into other projects.

6. Error Handling:

Components should handle errors gracefully and provide meaningful error messages to assist developers in debugging and troubleshooting issues.
Robust error handling mechanisms prevent cascading failures and ensure overall system stability.

7. Testing:

Components should be thoroughly tested to ensure functionality, performance, and robustness. Unit tests, integration tests, and system tests should be implemented to cover various scenarios and edge cases.
Test automation is crucial for ensuring consistent testing and rapid feedback during development and maintenance.

8. Documentation:

Components should be accompanied by comprehensive documentation that explains their purpose, functionality, usage, interfaces, and limitations.
Documentation should be clear, concise, and up-to-date to facilitate understanding and efficient use of components.

11. (a & b)

a) What is Integration Testing? Explain in brief Top-down Integration.

Integration Testing:

Integration testing is a software testing technique that focuses on verifying the functionality and compatibility of individual software modules when combined into larger components or the entire system. It aims to identify any issues that arise from the interaction between modules and ensure that the overall system functions as expected.

Top-down Integration:

Top-down integration is an incremental approach to integration testing that starts from the highest level modules in the system hierarchy and progresses downwards, integrating progressively lower-level modules at each stage. This approach requires the development of driver modules to simulate the behavior of non-integrated lower-level modules.

The steps involved in top-down integration:

Identify the top-level modules: These are the modules that control the overall flow of the system and depend on minimal or no other modules.
Develop driver modules: Create temporary modules that mimic the behavior of the missing lower-level modules.
Integrate the top-level modules: Combine the top-level modules and test their functionality together with the driver modules.
Verify functionality: Test the combined modules to ensure they work as expected and address any identified issues.
Replace driver modules: Once lower-level modules are developed, replace the driver modules with the actual implementations.
Repeat: Continue integrating and testing modules downwards through the system hierarchy, replacing driver modules with actual implementations at each stage.

Advantages of Top-down Integration:

Early detection of errors: By starting with high-level modules, critical issues can be identified and addressed early in the development process.
Modular approach: Integrating modules incrementally simplifies the testing process and allows for focused testing of specific functionalities.
Improved debugging: Driver modules provide a controlled environment for debugging and troubleshooting issues within individual modules.
Reduced risk of regressions: Integrating modules in a top-down manner minimizes the risk of regressions in lower-level modules when changes are made to higher-level modules.

Disadvantages of Top-down Integration:

Driver development overhead: Creating and maintaining driver modules can be time-consuming and require additional effort.
Limited testing of lower-level modules: Lower-level modules may not be thoroughly tested until they are integrated later in the process.
Potential for cascading errors: Errors in upper-level modules can lead to cascading errors in lower-level modules, making debugging more complex.

b) Explain the measures of Software Quality.

Software quality is a multifaceted concept encompassing various attributes that determine the overall effectiveness, efficiency, and maintainability of a software product. Measuring these attributes helps developers assess the quality of their software and identify areas for improvement.

Here are some key measures of software quality:

1. Functionality:

Completeness: Does the software provide all the features and functionalities specified in the requirements?
Correctness: Does the software perform its intended functionality accurately and reliably?
Conformance: Does the software comply with relevant standards, regulations, and guidelines?

2. Reliability:

Availability: Is the software readily available to users when needed?
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): How long does the software operate on average before experiencing a failure?
Mean Time To Repair (MTTR): How long does it take to fix a failure and restore the software to operation?

3. Usability:

Learnability: How easy is it for users to learn and understand how to use the software?
Efficiency: How effectively can users accomplish their goals using the software?
Memorability: How well can users remember how to use the software after a period of not using it?
Satisfaction: How satisfied are users with the overall experience of using the software?

4. Maintainability:

Modifiability: How easy is it to modify the software to fix bugs, add new features, or adapt to changing requirements?
Testability: How easy is it to test the software and ensure its continued correctness and functionality?
Portability: How easily can the software be ported to different platforms or environments?

5. Performance:

Responsiveness: How quickly does the software respond to user input and actions?
Resource utilization: How efficiently does the software utilize system resources such as CPU, memory, and disk space?
Scalability: How well does the software perform under increasing workloads and user demands?

6. Security:

Confidentiality: Does the software protect sensitive information from unauthorized access?
Integrity: Does the software ensure the accuracy and completeness of data?
Availability: Does the software protect against unauthorized attempts to disrupt or disable its operation?

7. Compatibility:

Hardware compatibility: Does the software work with the intended hardware platforms and configurations?
Software compatibility: Does the software work seamlessly with other software applications and libraries?
Standards compliance: Does the software conform to relevant interoperability and communication standards?