Computer Fundamental (NEP & CBCS) 2 Marks Questions with Answers (Important)
2 Marks (IMP)
1. Define computer.
It refers to interconnected computing device that can exchange data and share resources with each other.
2. List any four input devices.
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
- Microphone
3. List any four output devices.
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speakers
- Projector
4. Write the characteristics of 1st , 2nd ,3rd ,4th ,5th (any one for 2 marks)
First generation (1946-1956)
- Used vacuum tubes for logic circuitry and magnetic tapes for main memory.
- Very large and expensive.
- Consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat.
- Not very reliable.
- Programmed in machine language.
Second generation (1956-1964)
- Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
- Smaller and more reliable than first generation computers.
- Consumed less power and generated less heat.
- Programmed in assembly language.
Third generation (1964-1971)
- Used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors.
- Much smaller and more reliable than second generation computers.
- Consumed even less power and generated even less heat.
- Programmed in high-level languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN.
Fourth generation (1971-1981)
- Used microprocessors, which are single ICs that contain all of the components of a central processing unit (CPU).
- Much smaller and more affordable than third generation computers.
- Consumed even less power and generated even less heat.
- Programmed in high-level languages such as C and Pascal.
Fifth generation (1981-present)
- Uses very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits, which are ICs that contain millions or even billions of transistors.
- Very small, powerful, and affordable.
- Consumes very little power and generates very little heat.
- Programmed in high-level languages such as Java, Python, and C++.
5. What is DRAM.
DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology.
6. What is SRAM.
SRAM is a type of random-access memory (RAM) that uses latching circuitry to store each bit. It is volatile memory, which means that data is lost when power is removed. SRAM is faster and more power-efficient than dynamic RAM (DRAM), but it is also more expensive and less dense.
7. differentiate between RAM and ROM.
8. What is micro processor.
A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that is built on a single integrated circuit (IC). It is the brain of a computer, and it is responsible for executing instructions and processing data. Microprocessors are used in a wide variety of devices, including computers, smartphones, tablets, and embedded systems.
9. What is optical disk.
An optical disk is a flat, usually disc-shaped object that stores information in the form of physical variations on its surface that can be read with the aid of a beam of light. Optical discs can be reflective, where the light source and detector are on the same side of the disc, or transmissive, where light shines through the disc to the be detected on the other side.
10. What is hark disk.
A hard disk drive (HDD), also known as a hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk, is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store digital data using one or more rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
11. Write any two functions of CPU
CPUs perform logic, control, arithmetic, input and output operations specified by its programming to perform basic tasks.
12. Write any two functions of ALU.
The ALU performs simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logic operations, such as OR and AND. The memory stores the program’s instructions and data.
13. Define primary/cache memory of the computer
Primary memory is computer memory that a processor or computer accesses first or directly. Cache memory temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data.
14. Write any two functions of CU.
It instructs the memory, logic unit, and both output and input devices of the computer on how to respond to the program’s instructions.
15. Define gray code?
A Gray code is an encoding of numbers so that adjacent numbers have a single digit differing by 1. The term Gray code is often used to refer to a “reflected” code, or more specifically still, the binary reflected Gray code.
16. Name two types of number system.
The four most common number system types are:
- Decimal number system (Base- 10)
- Binary number system (Base- 2)
- Octal number system (Base-8)
- Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
17. Why binary numbers are used in computer system .
Binary describes a numbering scheme in which there are only two possible values for each digit — 0 or 1 — and is the basis for all binary code used in computing systems. These systems use this code to understand operational instructions and user input and to present a relevant output to the user.
18. What is non positional number system.
A non-positional number system uses a limited number of symbols in which each symbol has a value.
Roman number system is an example of a non-positional number system.
19. Expand EBCDIC and ASCII.
BCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
20. State the base of octal and hexadecimal number system.
Octal number is represented with base 8,
Hexadecimal number is represented with base 16.
21. What is bit and byte.
A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store.
A byte is a group of bits that correspond to a small amount of data; hence a “bite” of data.
22. Define linker and loader.
A linker is a program that combines object files and libraries into a single executable file. An object file is a machine code file that contains the code for a single module of a program. A library is a collection of object files that provide commonly used functions.
A loader is a program that loads an executable file into memory and prepares it for execution. The loader performs a number of tasks.
23. Define flowchart .
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step approach to solving a task.
24. Define algorithm
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a computation. Algorithms are used in a wide variety of fields, including mathematics, computer science, and engineering.
25. Write any two limitations of flowcharts.
- Complex processes can be difficult to represent in flowcharts.
- As the complexity of a process increases.
- The flowchart can become large and cluttered.
- Flowcharts can be difficult to maintain. As processes change.
- The flowcharts need to be updated to reflect the changes.
26.What is Unicode.
Unicode is an international character encoding standard that provides a unique number for every character across languages and scripts.
27.Define Operating System.
An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system.
28. What is multiprogramming
Multiprogramming is a technique used by operating systems to allow multiple programs to run concurrently on a single processor system. This is achieved by keeping multiple programs loaded in memory and switching between them rapidly, giving each program a small slice of CPU time.
29. What is the purpose of “tail” and “cal” command in linus OS.
The tail command in Linux is used to display the last few lines of a file.
The cal command in Linux is used to display a calendar for a specified month or year.
30. Name any two sequential access storage device.
- Hard disk drive.
- Solid state drive.
31. What is the purpose of pwd commands of linux.
The purpose of the pwd command in Linux is to print the full path of the current working directory. The current working directory is the directory from which you are executing commands.
32. Define kernel.
33. Write the purpose of ‘ls’ and ‘cd’ command in linus OS.
The ls command in Linux is used to list the contents of a directory.
The cd command in Linux is used to change the current directory.
34. Define terms software? Name basic types of software.
Electronic mailing, also known as email, is a method of exchanging messages between people using electronic devices. It is one of the most popular forms of communication in the world, and is used by billions of people every day.
35. Define OS ? give two example.
The World Wide Web (WWW), also known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. A document on the Web is identified by a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
36. What is system software ? give an example.
Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. It is the intangible part of a computer system, while the physical components are called hardware. Software is essential for computers to function, as it provides the instructions that allow the computer to perform tasks such as processing data, displaying information, and communicating with other devices.
There are two main types of software:
- System software
- Application software
37. List any four functions of operating system.
- Process management
- Memory management
- File system management
- Device management
38. Why is operating system important?
Operating systems are important because they provide a platform for application software to run on and manage the computer’s resources efficiently. Without an operating system, a computer would be just a pile of hardware components that could not communicate with each other or perform any useful tasks.
39. What is the use of man command in unix.
The man command in Unix is used to display the reference manual for a command or utility. The manual page contains a detailed description of the command, including its syntax, options, and examples.
40. Define utility.
A utility in an operating system (OS) is a software program that performs a specific task to help users manage, maintain, and optimize their computer systems.
41. What is BIOS?
BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. It is a firmware program that is stored on a ROM chip on the motherboard of a computer. BIOS is responsible for initializing the computer’s hardware and loading the operating system.
42. What is system program.
A system program is a computer program that is designed to run and manage computer hardware and software resources. It is also known as system software. System programs are essential for the operation of a computer system, as they provide the foundation on which all other software runs.
43. Define web server and www.
A web server is a computer system that provides the services necessary for delivering and supporting websites over the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on web servers.
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. The WWW is also commonly referred to as “the web”.
44. Define DBMS.
A database management system (DBMS) is a software application that helps users to create, read, update, and delete data in a database. A DBMS provides a set of tools and utilities to help users manage their data efficiently and effectively.
45. Define internet and www.
The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
stored, on web servers.
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. The WWW is also commonly referred to as “the web”.
46. What is word warp .
Word wrap is a text formatting feature that automatically moves words to the next line when they reach the end of the current line. This ensures that the text fits within the specified margins and is easy to read.
47. List the data base objects of MS access.
- Tables
- Queries
- Forms
- Reports
- Macros
- Modules
48. Define web browser.
A web server is a computer system that provides the services necessary for delivering and supporting websites over the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on web servers.
49. What is DNS.
DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is a hierarchical and distributed naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the associated entities.
50. What is URL .
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is a unique identifier used to locate a resource on the Internet.
51. Name any two internet protocols.
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
- DNS (Domain Name System)
52. What are the applications of Database?
- Business
- Education
- Government
- Healthcare
- Science and research
- Social media
- E-commerce
- Banking and finance
53. Define SQL.
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a programming language designed to manage data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL is used to create, read, update, and delete data in a database.
54. What is the use of alter table command?
The ALTER TABLE command is used to modify the structure of a table in a relational database management system (RDBMS). It can be used to add, remove, or modify columns, change the data type of columns, add or remove constraints, and rename the table itself.
55. What is DDL.
DDL stands for Data Definition Language. It is a subset of SQL that is used to create and modify the structure of database objects, such as tables, views, and users. DDL statements are used to define the data types of columns, constraints, and relationships between tables.
56. What is file.
A file is a collection of related information stored on a computer storage device. Files can be used to store a wide variety of data, including text, images, videos, music, programs, and more.
57. What is DML.
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. It is a subset of SQL that is used to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data in a database. DML statements are used to manipulate the data in a database, such as adding new records, changing existing records, and removing records.
58. List the four functions of DBMS.
- Data storage
- Data organization
- Data security
- Data integrity
59. What is local area network.
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.
60. What is MAN.
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic region of the size of a metropolitan area. A MAN is larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN).
61. write a short note on Database system.
A database system is a software application that allows users to store, manage, and retrieve data. Database systems are used in a wide variety of applications, including business, government, education, and healthcare.
62. Define DCL
DCL stands for Data Control Language. It is a subset of SQL that is used to manage permissions to database objects, such as tables, views, and users. DCL statements are used to grant, revoke, and deny access to database objects.
63.Full form of MSB and LSB.
- MSB stands for Most Significant Bit
- LSB stands for Least Significant Bit
64. What is binary arithmetic ?
Binary arithmetic is the performance of arithmetic operations on binary numbers. Binary numbers are numbers that are expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically “0” (zero) and “1” (one).
65. Define Programming Language?
A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Programming languages are used to communicate instructions to a computer. They are used to create a wide variety of software applications, including web pages, mobile apps, desktop apps, and video games.
66. What are the types of programming language?
- Procedural programming languages
- Object-oriented programming languages
- Functional programming languages
- Scripting programming languages
- Concurrent programming languages
67. What is programming language translator?
A programming language translator is a software tool that converts code written in one programming language to another programming language.
68. What are the types of language translator?
- Machine translation
- Human translation
69.What is Dynamic RAM .
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a type of random-access memory (RAM) that stores each bit of data in a memory cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology.
70. Define memory registers.
Memory registers, also known as CPU registers, are a small amount of very fast memory that is located inside the central processing unit (CPU). Registers are used to store data and instructions that are currently being processed by the CPU.
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